Method for producing an L-amino acid using a bacterium of the Enterobacteriaceae family with attenuated expression of the cpxR gene

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a method for producing an L-amino acid using a bacterium of the Enterobacteriaceae family, particularly a bacterium belonging to genus  Escherichia  or  Pantoea , which has been modified to attenuate expression of the cpxR gene.

This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. §120 of PCT PatentApplication No. PCT/JP2006/315080, filed Jul. 24, 2006. This applicationalso claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Russian Patent ApplicationNo. 2005123419, filed Jul. 25, 2005, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/743,223, filed Feb. 3, 2006. All of these documentsare hereby incorporated by reference. The Sequence Listing filedelectronically herewith is also hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety (File Name: US-237_Seq_List_Copy_(—)1; File Size: 14 KB; DateCreated: Jan. 22, 2008).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the microbiological industry, andspecifically to a method for producing an L-amino acid using a bacteriumof the Enterobacteriaceae family which has been modified to attenuateexpression of the cpxR gene.

2. Brief Description of the Related Art

The cpxR gene encodes the CpxR protein, a member of the CpxR/CpxAtwo-component signal transduction system that senses a variety ofenvelope stresses, including misfolded proteins, and responds byupregulating periplasmic folding and trafficking factors. CpxR, theresponse regulator, mediates a response by activating transcription ofstress-combative genes. CpxA resides in the inner membrane and has bothkinase and phosphatase activities.

The expression of Cpx-regulated genes is induced during initial adhesionof Escherichia coli to abiotic surfaces, suggesting that the Cpx pathwayplays a key role in the regulation of adhesion-induced gene expression(Otto, K. and Silhavy, T. J. Surface sensing and adhesion of Escherichiacoli controlled by the Cpx-signaling pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U SA, 2002, 99(4):2287-2292). The surface-induced activity of the Cpxresponse requires NlpE, an outer membrane lipoprotein, which has beenshown to induce the Cpx system when overproduced (DiGiuseppe, P. A. andSilhavy, T. J. Signal detection and target gene induction by the CpxRAtwo-component system. J. Bacteriol., 2003, 185(8):2432-2440).

The Cpx-mediated periplasmic stress response is subject to amplificationand repression through positive and negative autofeedback mechanisms.Western blot and operon fusion analyses demonstrated that the cpxRAoperon is autoactivated. Conditions that lead to elevated levels ofphosphorylated CpxR cause a concomitant increase in transcription ofcpxRA (Raivio, T. L., Popkin, D. L., and Silhavy, T. J. The Cpx envelopestress response is controlled by amplification and feedback inhibition.J. Bacteriol., 1999, 181(17):5263-5272).

Overproduction of the CpxR protein in Escherichia coli causes a drugresistance phenotype and affects transcription of genes involved in drugefflux (Hirakawa, H., Nishino, K., Hirata, T., and Yamaguchi, A.Comprehensive studies of drug resistance mediated by overexpression ofresponse regulators of two-component signal transduction systems inEscherichia coli. J. Bacteriol., 2003, 185(6):1851-1856).

But currently, there have been no reports of inactivating the cpxR genefor the purpose of producing L-amino acids.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Aspects of the present invention include enhancing the productivity ofL-amino acid-producing strains and providing a method for producing anL-amino acid using these strains.

The above aspects were achieved by finding that attenuating expressionof the cpxR gene can enhance production of L-amino acids, such asL-threonine, L-lysine, L-cysteine, L-methionine, L-leucine,L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-histidine, glycine, L-serine, L-alanine,L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-proline,L-arginine, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-tryptophan.

The present invention provides a bacterium of the Enterobacteriaceaefamily having an increased ability to produce amino acids, such asL-threonine, L-lysine, L-cysteine, L-methionine, L-leucine,L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-histidine, glycine, L-serine, L-alanine,L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-proline,L-arginine, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-tryptophan.

It is an aspect of the present invention to provide an L-aminoacid-producing bacterium of the Enterobacteriaceae family, wherein thebacterium has been modified to attenuate expression of the cpxR gene.

It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide the bacteriumas described above, wherein the expression of the cpxR gene isattenuated by inactivation of the cpxR gene.

It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide the bacteriumas described above, wherein the bacterium belongs to the genusEscherichia.

It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide the bacteriumas described above, wherein the bacterium belongs to the genus Pantoea.

It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide the bacteriumas described above, wherein said L-amino acid is selected from the groupconsisting of an aromatic L-amino acid and a non-aromatic L-amino acid.

It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide the bacteriumas described above, wherein said aromatic L-amino acid is selected fromthe group consisting of L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-tryptophan.

It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide the bacteriumas described above, wherein said non-aromatic L-amino acid is selectedfrom the group consisting of L-threonine, L-lysine, L-cysteine,L-methionine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-histidine, glycine,L-serine, L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine,L-glutamic acid, L-proline, and L-arginine.

It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a method forproducing an L-amino acid comprising:

-   -   cultivating the bacterium as described above in a medium to        produce and excrete said L-amino acid into the medium, and    -   collecting said L-amino acid from the medium.

It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide the method asdescribed above, wherein said L-amino acid is selected from the groupconsisting of an aromatic L-amino acid and a non-aromatic L-amino acid.

It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide the method asdescribed above, wherein said aromatic L-amino acid is selected from thegroup consisting of L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-tryptophan.

It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide the method asdescribed above, wherein said non-aromatic L-amino acid is selected fromthe group consisting of L-threonine, L-lysine, L-cysteine, L-methionine,L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-histidine, glycine, L-serine,L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid,L-proline, and L-arginine.

The present invention is described in detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the construction of the pMW118-attL-Cm-attR plasmid used asa template for PCR.

FIG. 2 shows the relative positions of primers P17 and P18 on plasmidpMW118-attL-Cm-attR used for PCR amplification of the cat gene.

FIG. 3 shows the construction of the chromosomal DNA fragment whichincludes the inactivated cpxR gene.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

1. Bacterium of the Present Invention

The bacterium of the present invention is an L-amino acid-producingbacterium of the Enterobacteriaceae family, wherein the bacterium hasbeen modified to attenuate expression of the cpxR gene.

In the present invention, “L-amino acid-producing bacterium” means abacterium which is able to produce and excrete an L-amino acid into amedium, when the bacterium is cultured in the medium.

The term “L-amino acid-producing bacterium” as used herein also means abacterium which is able to produce and cause accumulation of an L-aminoacid in a culture medium in an amount larger than a wild-type orparental strain of the bacterium, for example, E. coli, such as E. coliK-12, and preferably means that the bacterium is able to causeaccumulation in a medium of an amount not less than 0.5 g/L, morepreferably not less than 1.0 g/L, of the target L-amino acid. The term“L-amino acid” includes L-alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-asparticacid, L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, glycine, L-histidine,L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine,L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, andL-valine.

The term “aromatic L-amino acid” includes L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine,and L-tryptophan. The term “non-aromatic L-amino acid” includesL-threonine, L-lysine, L-cysteine, L-methionine, L-leucine,L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-histidine, glycine, L-serine, L-alanine,L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-proline,and L-arginine. L-threonine, L-lysine, L-cysteine, L-leucine,L-histidine, L-glutamic acid, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-prolineand L-arginine are particularly preferred.

The Enterobacteriaceae family includes bacteria belonging to the generaEscherichia, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Photorhabdus,Providencia, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella , Morganella Yersinia, etc.Specifically, those classified into the Enterobacteriaceae according tothe taxonomy used by the NCBI (National Center for BiotechnologyInformation) database can be used. A bacterium belonging to the genusEscherichia or Pantoea is preferred.

The phrase “a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia” means thatthe bacterium is classified into the genus Escherichia according to theclassification known to a person skilled in the art of microbiology.Examples of a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia as used inthe present invention include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli(E. coli).

The bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia that can be used in thepresent invention is not particularly limited; however, e.g., bacteriadescribed by Neidhardt, F. C. et al. (Escherichia coli and Salmonellatyphimurium, American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C., 1208,Table 1) are encompassed by the present invention.

The phrase “a bacterium belonging to the genus Pantoea” means that thebacterium is classified into the genus Pantoea according to theclassification known to a person skilled in the art of microbiology.Some species of Enterobacter agglomerans have been recentlyre-classified into Pantoea agglomerans, Pantoea ananatis, Pantoeastewartii or the like, based on the nucleotide sequence analysis of 16SrRNA, etc. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 43, 162-173 (1993)).

The phrase “bacterium has been modified to attenuate expression of thecpxR gene” means that the bacterium has been modified in such a way thatthe modified bacterium contains a reduced amount of the CpxR protein, ascompared with an unmodified bacterium, or the modified bacterium isunable to synthesize the CpxR protein. The phrase “bacterium has beenmodified to attenuate expression of the cpxR gene” also means that thetarget gene is modified in such a way that the modified gene encodes amutant CpxR protein which has a decreased activity.

The phrase “inactivation of the cpxR gene” means that the modified geneencodes a completely non-functional protein. It is also possible thatthe modified DNA region is unable to naturally express the gene due tothe deletion of a part of the gene, the shifting of the reading frame ofthe gene, the introduction of missense/nonsense mutation(s), or themodification of an adjacent region of the gene, including sequencescontrolling gene expression, such as a promoter, enhancer, attenuator,ribosome-binding site, etc.

The cpxR gene encodes the CpxR protein, a transcription regulator(synonyms—B3912, YiiA). The cpxR gene of E. coli (nucleotide positions4,103,693 to 4,102,995; GenBank accession no. NC_(—)000913.2;gi:49175990; SEQ ID NO: 1) is located between the cpxA and cpxP genes onthe chromosome of E. coli K-12. The nucleotide sequence of the cpxR geneand the amino acid sequence of CpxR encoded by the cpxR gene are shownin SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2, respectively.

Since there may be some differences in DNA sequences between the generaor strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family, the cpxR gene to beinactivated on the chromosome is not limited to the gene shown in SEQ IDNo: 1, but may include genes homologous to SEQ ID No: 1 encoding avariant protein of the CpxR protein. The phrase “variant protein” asused in the present invention means a protein which has changes in thesequence, whether they are deletions, insertions, additions, orsubstitutions of amino acids, but still maintains the activity of theproduct as the CpxR protein. The number of changes in the variantprotein depends on the position or the type of amino acid residues inthe three dimensional structure of the protein. It may be 1 to 30,preferably 1 to 15, and more preferably 1 to 5 in SEQ ID NO: 2. Thesechanges in the variants can occur in regions of the protein which arenot critical for the function of the protein. This is because some aminoacids have high homology to one another so the three dimensionalstructure or activity is not affected by such a change. These changes inthe variant protein can occur in regions of the protein which are notcritical for the function of the protein. Therefore, the protein variantencoded by the cpxR gene may have a homology of not less than 80%,preferably not less than 90%, and most preferably not less than 95%,with respect to the entire amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 2, aslong as the ability of the CpxR protein as a transcription regulatorprior to inactivation is maintained.

Homology between two amino acid sequences can be determined using thewell-known methods, for example, the computer program BLAST 2.0, whichcalculates three parameters: score, identity and similarity.

Moreover, the cpxR gene may be a variant which hybridizes understringent conditions with the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1,or a probe which can be prepared from the nucleotide sequence, providedthat it encodes a functional CpxR protein prior to inactivation.“Stringent conditions” include those under which a specific hybrid, forexample, a hybrid having homology of not less than 60%, preferably notless than 70%, more preferably not less than 80%, still more preferablynot less than 90%, and most preferably not less than 95%, is formed anda non-specific hybrid, for example, a hybrid having homology lower thanthe above, is not formed. For example, stringent conditions areexemplified by washing one time or more, preferably two or three times,at a salt concentration of 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, preferably 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDSat 60° C. Duration of washing depends on the type of membrane used forblotting and, as a rule, may be what is recommended by the manufacturer.For example, the recommended duration of washing for the Hybond™ N⁺nylon membrane (Amersham) under stringent conditions is 15 minutes.Preferably, washing may be performed 2 to 3 times. The length of theprobe may be suitably selected, depending on the hybridizationconditions, and usually varies from 100 bp to 1 kbp.

Expression of the cpxR gene can be attenuated by introducing a mutationinto the gene on the chromosome so that intracellular activity of theprotein encoded by the gene is decreased as compared with an unmodifiedstrain. Such a mutation on the gene can be replacement of one base ormore to cause amino acid substitution in the protein encoded by the gene(missense mutation), introduction of a stop codon (nonsense mutation),deletion of one or two bases to cause a frame shift, insertion of adrug-resistance gene, or deletion of a part of the gene or the entiregene (Qiu, Z. and Goodman, M. F., J. Biol. Chem., 272, 8611-8617 (1997);Kwon, D. H. et al, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 46, 793-796 (2000)).Expression of the cpxR gene can also be attenuated by modifying anexpression regulating sequence such as the promoter, the Shine-Dalgarno(SD) sequence, etc. (WO95/34672, Carrier, T. A. and Keasling, J. D.,Biotechnol Prog 15, 58-64 (1999)).

For example, the following methods may be employed to introduce amutation by gene recombination. A mutant gene encoding a mutant proteinhaving a decreased activity is prepared, and the bacterium to bemodified is transformed with a DNA fragment containing the mutant gene.Then, the native gene on the chromosome is replaced with the mutant geneby homologous recombination, and the resulting strain is selected. Suchgene replacement using homologous recombination can be conducted byemploying a linear DNA, which is known as “Red-driven integration”(Datsenko, K. A. and Wanner, B. L., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 12,p 6640-6645 (2000)), or by employing a plasmid containing atemperature-sensitive replication origin (U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,383 or JP05-007491A). Furthermore, the incorporation of a site-specific mutationby gene substitution using homologous recombination such as set forthabove can also be conducted with a plasmid lacking the ability toreplicate in the host. When a marker gene such as antibiotic resistantgene is used to prepare the mutant gene or to detect recombinationbetween the mutant gene and the native gene on the chromosome, themarker gene can be eliminated from the chromosome by, for example, themethod described in Examples section.

Expression of the gene can also be attenuated by insertion of atransposon or an IS factor into the coding region of the gene (U.S. Pat.No. 5,175,107), or by conventional methods, such as mutagenesis using UVirradiation or nitrosoguanidine (N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)treatment.

The presence of activity of the CpxR protein can be detected bycomplementation of mutation cpxR⁻ by the method described, for example,in Raivio, T. L. and Silhavy, T. J. (Transduction of envelope stress inEscherichia coli by the Cpx two-component system. J. Bacteriol., 1997,179(24):7724-7733). Thus, the reduced or absent activity of the CpxRprotein in the bacterium can be determined when compared to the parentunmodified bacterium.

The presence or absence of the cpxR gene on the chromosome of abacterium can be detected by well-known methods, including PCR, Southernblotting, and the like. In addition, the level of gene expression can beestimated by measuring the amount of mRNA transcribed from the geneusing various well-known methods, including Northern blotting,quantitative RT-PCR, and the like. The amount or molecular weight of theprotein encoded by the gene can be measured by well-known methods,including SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting assay (Western blottinganalysis) and the like.

Methods for preparation of plasmid DNA, digestion and ligation of DNA,transformation, selection of an oligonucleotide as a primer, and thelike may be ordinary methods well-known to one skilled in the art. Thesemethods are described, for instance, in Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F.,and Maniatis, T., “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, SecondEdition”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989).

L-Amino Acid-Producing Bacteria

As a bacterium of the present invention which is modified to attenuateexpression of the cpxR gene, bacteria which are able to produce eitheran aromatic or a non-aromatic L-amino acid may be used.

The bacterium of the present invention can be obtained by attenuatingexpression of the cpxR gene in a bacterium which inherently has theability to produce an L-amino acid. Alternatively, the bacterium ofpresent invention can be obtained by imparting the ability to produce anL-amino acid to a bacterium already having attenuated expression of thecpxR gene.

L-Threonine-Producing Bacteria

Examples of parent strains for deriving the L-threonine-producingbacteria of the present invention include, but are not limited to,strains belonging to the genus Escherichia, such as E. coli TDH-6/pVIC40(VKPM B-3996) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,175,107, 5,705,371), E. coli 472T23/pYN7(ATCC 98081) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,157), E. coli NRRL-21593 (U.S. Pat.No. 5,939,307), E. coli FERM BP-3756 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,918), E. coliFERM BP-3519 and FERM BP-3520 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,538), E. coli MG442(Gusyatiner et al., Genetika (in Russian), 14, 947-956 (1978)), E. coliVL643 and VL2055 (EP 1149911 A), and the like.

The strain TDH-6 is deficient in the thrC gene, as well as beingsucrose-assimilative, and the ilvA gene has a leaky mutation. Thisstrain also has a mutation in the rhtA gene, which imparts resistance tohigh concentrations of threonine or homoserine. The strain B-3996contains the plasmid pVIC40 which was obtained by inserting a thrA*BCoperon which includes a mutant thrA gene into a RSF110-derived vector.This mutant thrA gene encodes aspartokinase homoserine dehydrogenase Iwhich is substantially desensitized to feedback inhibition by threonine.The strain B-3996 was deposited on Nov. 19, 1987 in the All-UnionScientific Center of Antibiotics (Nagatinskaya Street 3-A, 117105Moscow, Russian Federation) under the accession number RIA 1867. Thestrain was also deposited in the Russian National Collection ofIndustrial Microorganisms (VKPM) (Russia, 117545 Moscow, 1 Dorozhnyproezd. 1) on Apr. 7, 1987 under the accession number VKPM B-3996.

E. coli VKPM B-5318 (EP 0593792B) may also be used as a parent strainfor deriving L-threonine-producing bacteria of the present invention.The strain B-5318 is prototrophic with regard to isoleucine, and atemperature-sensitive lambda-phage C1 repressor and PR promoter replacesthe regulatory region of the threonine operon in plasmid pVIC40. Thestrain VKPM B-5318 was deposited in the Russian National Collection ofIndustrial Microorganisms (VKPM) on May 3, 1990 under accession numberof VKPM B-5318.

Preferably, the bacterium of the present invention is additionallymodified to enhance expression of one or more of the following genes:

-   -   the mutant thrA gene which codes for aspartokinase homoserine        dehydrogenase I resistant to feed back inhibition by threonine;    -   the thrB gene which codes for homoserine kinase;    -   the thrC gene which codes for threonine synthase;    -   the rhtA gene which codes for a putative transmembrane protein;    -   the asd gene which codes for aspartate-β-semialdehyde        dehydrogenase; and    -   the aspC gene which codes for aspartate aminotransferase        (aspartate transaminase);

The thrA gene which encodes aspartokinase homoserine dehydrogenase I ofEscherichia coli has been elucidated (nucleotide positions 337 to 2799,GenBank accession NC_(—)000913.2, gi: 49175990). The thrA gene islocated between the thrL and thrB genes on the chromosome of E. coliK-12. The thrB gene which encodes homoserine kinase of Escherichia colihas been elucidated (nucleotide positions 2801 to 3733, GenBankaccession NC_(—)000913.2, gi: 49175990). The thrB gene is locatedbetween the thrA and thrC genes on the chromosome of E. coli K-12. ThethrC gene which encodes threonine synthase of Escherichia coli has beenelucidated (nucleotide positions 3734 to 5020, GenBank accessionNC_(—)000913.2, gi: 49175990). The thrC gene is located between the thrBgene and the yaaX open reading frame on the chromosome of E. coli K-12.All three genes functions as a single threonine operon. To enhanceexpression of the threonine operon, the attenuator region which affectsthe transcription is desirably removed from the operon (WO2005/049808,WO2003/097839).

A mutant thrA gene which codes for aspartokinase homoserinedehydrogenase I resistant to feed back inhibition by threonine, as wellas the thrB and thrC genes, can be obtained as one operon fromwell-known plasmid pVIC40 which is present in the threonine producing E.coli strain VKPM B-3996. Plasmid pVIC40 is described in detail in U.S.Pat. No. 5,705,371.

The rhtA gene exists at 18 min on the E. coli chromosome close to theglnHPQ operon, which encodes components of the glutamine transportsystem. The rhtA gene is identical to ORF1 (ybiF gene, nucleotidepositions 764 to 1651, GenBank accession number AAA218541, gi:440181)and located between the pexB and ompX genes. The unit expressing aprotein encoded by the ORF1 has been designated the rhtA gene (rht:resistance to homoserine and threonine). Also, it was revealed that therhtA23 mutation is an A-for-G substitution at position −1 with respectto the ATG start codon (ABSTRACTS of the 17th International Congress ofBiochemistry and Molecular Biology in conjugation with Annual Meeting ofthe American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SanFrancisco, Calif. Aug. 24-29, 1997, abstract No. 457, EP 1013765 A).

The asd gene of E. coli has already been elucidated (nucleotidepositions 3572511 to 3571408, GenBank accession NC_(—)000913.1,gi:16131307), and can be obtained by PCR (polymerase chain reaction;refer to White, T. J. et al., Trends Genet., 5, 185 (1989)) utilizingprimers prepared based on the nucleotide sequence of the gene. The asdgenes of other microorganisms can be obtained in a similar manner.

Also, the aspC gene of E. coli has already been elucidated (nucleotidepositions 983742 to 984932, GenBank accession NC_(—)000913.1,gi:16128895), and can be obtained by PCR. The aspC genes of othermicroorganisms can be obtained in a similar manner.

L-Lysine-Producing Bacteria

Examples of L-lysine-producing bacteria belonging to the genusEscherichia include mutants having resistance to an L-lysine analogue.The L-lysine analogue inhibits growth of bacteria belonging to the genusEscherichia, but this inhibition is fully or partially desensitized whenL-lysine is present in the culture medium. Examples of the L-lysineanalogue include, but are not limited to, oxalysine, lysine hydroxamate,S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine (AEC), γ-methyllysine, α-chlorocaprolactamand so forth. Mutants having resistance to these lysine analogues can beobtained by subjecting bacteria belonging to the genus Escherichia to aconventional artificial mutagenesis treatment. Specific examples ofbacterial strains useful for producing L-lysine include Escherichia coliAJ11442 (FERM BP-1543, NRRL B-12185; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,170) andEscherichia coli VL611. In these microorganisms, feedback inhibition ofaspartokinase by L-lysine is desensitized.

The strain WC196 may be used as an L-lysine producing bacterium ofEscherichia coli. This bacterial strain was bred by conferring AECresistance to the strain W3110, which was derived from Escherichia coliK-12. The resulting strain was designated Escherichia coli AJ13069strain and was deposited at the National Institute of Bioscience andHuman-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (currentlyNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,International Patent Organism Depositary, Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1,Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8566, Japan) on Dec. 6,1994 and received an accession number of FERM P-14690. Then, it wasconverted to an international deposit under the provisions of theBudapest Treaty on Sep. 29, 1995, and received an accession number ofFERM BP-5252 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,698).

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-lysine-producing bacteria ofthe present invention also include strains in which expression of one ormore genes encoding an L-lysine biosynthetic enzyme are enhanced.Examples of such genes include, but are not limited to, genes encodingdihydrodipicolinate synthase (dapA), aspartokinase (lysC),dihydrodipicolinate reductase (dapB), diaminopimelate decarboxylase(lysA), diaminopimelate dehydrogenase (ddh) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,160),phosphoenolpyrvate carboxylase (ppc), aspartate semialdehydedehydrogenease (asd), and aspartase (aspA) (EP 1253195 A). In addition,the parent strains may have an increased level of expression of the geneinvolved in energy efficiency (cyo) (EP 1170376 A), the gene encodingnicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (pntAB) (U.S. Pat. No.5,830,716), the ybjE gene (WO2005/073390), or combinations thereof.

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-lysine-producing bacteria ofthe present invention also include strains having decreased oreliminated activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction generating acompound other than L-lysine by branching off from the biosyntheticpathway of L-lysine. Examples of these enzymes include homoserinedehydrogenase, lysine decarboxylase (U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,698), and themalic enzyme (WO2005/010175).

L-Cysteine-Producing Bacteria

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-cysteine-producing bacteria ofthe present invention include, but are not limited to, strains belongingto the genus Escherichia, such as E. coli JM15 which is transformed withdifferent cysE alleles coding for feedback-resistant serineacetyltransferases (U.S. Pat. No. 6,218,168, Russian patent application2003121601); E. coli W3110 over-expressing genes which encode proteinssuitable for secreting substances toxic for cells (U.S. Pat. No.5,972,663); E. coli strains with lowered cysteine desulfohydraseactivity (JP11155571A2); E. coli W3110 with increased activity of apositive transcriptional regulator for the cysteine regulon encoded bythe cysB gene (WO0127307A1), and the like.

L-Leucine-Producing Bacteria

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-leucine-producing bacteria ofthe present invention include, but are not limited to, strains belongingto the genus Escherichia, such as E. coli strains resistant to leucine(for example, the strain 57 (VKPM B-7386, U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,121)) orleucine analogs including β-2-thienylalanine, 3-hydroxyleucine,4-azaleucine, 5,5,5-trifluoroleucine (JP 62-34397 B and JP 8-70879 A);E. coli strains obtained by the gene engineering method described inWO96/06926; E. coli H-9068 (JP 8-70879 A), and the like.

The bacterium of the present invention may be improved by enhancing theexpression of one or more genes involved in L-leucine biosynthesis.Examples include genes of the leuABCD operon, which are preferablyrepresented by a mutant leuA gene coding for isopropylmalate synthasenot subject to feedback inhibition by L-leucine (U.S. Pat. No.6,403,342). In addition, the bacterium of the present invention may beimproved by enhancing the expression of one or more genes coding forproteins which excrete L-amino acid from the bacterial cell. Examples ofsuch genes include the b2682 and b2683 genes (ygaZH genes) (EP 1239041A2).

L-Histidine-Producing Bacteria

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-histidine-producing bacteriaof the present invention include, but are not limited to, strainsbelonging to the genus Escherichia, such as E. coli strain 24 (VKPMB-5945, RU2003677); E. coli strain 80 (VKPM B-7270, RU2119536); E. coliNRRL B-12116-B12121 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,405); E. coli H-9342 (FERMBP-6675) and H-9343 (FERM BP-6676) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,347); E. coliH-9341 (FERM BP-6674) (EP1085087); E. coli A180/pFM201 (U.S. Pat. No.6,258,554) and the like.

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-histidine-producing bacteriaof the present invention also include strains in which expression of oneor more genes encoding an L-histidine biosynthetic enzyme is enhanced.Examples of such genes include genes encoding ATPphosphoribosyltransferase (hisG), phosphoribosyl AMP cyclohydrolase(hisI), phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase (hisIE),phosphoribosylformimino-5-aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide isomerase(hisA), amidotransferase (hisH), histidinol phosphate aminotransferase(hisC), histidinol phosphatase (hisB), histidinol dehydrogenase (hisD),and so forth.

It is known that L-histidine biosynthetic enzymes encoded by hisG andhisBHAFI are inhibited by L-histidine, and therefore anL-histidine-producing ability can also be efficiently enhanced byintroducing a mutation conferring resistance to the feedback inhibitioninto ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (Russian Patent Nos. 2003677 and2119536).

Specific examples of strains having an L-histidine-producing abilityinclude E. coli FERM-P 5038 and 5048 which have been introduced with avector carrying a DNA encoding an L-histidine-biosynthetic enzyme (JP56-005099 A), E. coli strains transformed with rht, a gene for aminoacid-export (EP1016710A), E. coli 80 strain imparted withsulfaguanidine, DL-1,2,4-triazole-3-alanine, and streptomycin-resistance(VKPM B-7270, Russian Patent No. 2119536), and so forth.

L-Glutamic Acid-Producing Bacteria

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-glutamic acid-producingbacteria of the present invention include, but are not limited to,strains belonging to the genus Escherichia, such as E. coli VL334thrC⁺(EP 1172433). E. coli VL334 (VKPM B-1641) is an L-isoleucine andL-threonine auxotrophic strain having mutations in thrC and ilvA genes(U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,765). A wild-type allele of the thrC gene wastransferred by the method of general transduction using a bacteriophageP1 grown on the wild-type E. coli strain K12 (VKPM B-7) cells. As aresult, an L-isoleucine auxotrophic strain VL334thrC⁺ (VKPM B-8961),which is able to produce L-glutamic acid, was obtained.

Examples of parent strains for deriving the L-glutamic acid-producingbacteria of the present invention include, but are not limited to,strains in which expression of one or more genes encoding an L-glutamicacid biosynthetic enzyme is enhanced. Examples of such genes includegenes encoding glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), glutamine synthetase(glnA), glutamate synthetase (gltAB), isocitrate dehydrogenase (icdA),aconitate hydratase (acnA, acnB), citrate synthase (gltA),phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ppc), pyruvate dehydrogenase (aceEF,aceEF, lpdA), pyruvate kinase (pyka, pykF), phosphoenolpyruvate synthase(ppsAppsA), enolase (eno), phosphoglyceromutase (pgmA, pgmI),phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk), glyceraldehyde-3-phophate dehydrogenase(gapA), triose phosphate isomerase (tpiA), fructose bisphosphatealdolase (fbp), phosphofructokinase (pfkA, pfkB), and glucose phosphateisomerase (pgi).

Examples of strains modified so that expression of the citratesynthetase gene, the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene, and/or theglutamate dehydrogenase gene is/are enhanced include those disclosed inEP1078989A, EP955368A, and EP952221A.

Examples of parent strains for deriving the L-glutamic acid-producingbacteria of the present invention also include strains having decreasedor eliminated activity of an enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of acompound other than L-glutamic acid by branching off from an L-glutamicacid biosynthesis pathway. Examples of such genes include genes encodingisocitrate lyase (aceA), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (sucA),phosphotransacetylase (pta), acetate kinase (ack), acetohydroxy acidsynthase (ilvG), acetolactate synthase (ilvI), formate acetyltransferase(pfl), lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), and glutamate decarboxylase (gadAB).Bacteria belonging to the genus Escherichia deficient in α-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase activity or having reduced α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseactivity and methods for obtaining them are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,378,616 and 5,573,945. Specifically, these strains include thefollowing:

E. coli W3110sucA::Kmr

E. coli AJ12624 (FERM BP-3853)

E. coli AJ12628 (FERM BP-3854)

E. coli AJ12949 (FERM BP-4881).

E. coli W3110sucA::Kmr is obtained by disrupting the α-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase gene (hereinafter referred to as “sucA gene”) of E. coliW3110. This strain is completely deficient in α-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase.

Other examples of L-glutamic acid-producing bacterium include thosewhich belong to the genus Escherichia and have resistance to an asparticacid antimetabolite. These strains can also be deficient inα-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity and include, for example, E. coliAJ13199 (FERM BP-5807) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,768), FFRM P-12379, whichadditionally has a reduced ability to decompose L-glutamic acid (U.S.Pat. No. 5,393,671); AJ13138 (FERM BP-5565) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,714),and the like.

Examples of L-glutamic acid-producing bacteria, include mutant strainsbelonging to the genus Pantoea which are deficient in α-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase activity or have decreased α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseactivity, and can be obtained as described above. Such strains includePantoea ananatis AJ13356. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,331,419). Pantoea ananatisAJ13356 was deposited at the National Institute of Bioscience andHuman-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministryof International Trade and Industry (currently, National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, International PatentOrganism Depositary, Central 6, 1-1, Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi,Ibaraki-ken, 305-8566, Japan) on Feb. 19, 1998 under an accession numberof FERM P-16645. It was then converted to an international deposit underthe provisions of Budapest Treaty on Jan. 11, 1999 and received anaccession number of FERM BP-6615. Pantoea ananatis AJ13356 is deficientin α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity as a result of disruption ofthe αKGDH-E1 subunit gene (sucA). The above strain was identified asEnterobacter agglomerans when it was isolated and deposited as theEnterobacter agglomerans AJ13356. However, it was recently re-classifiedas Pantoea ananatis on the basis of nucleotide sequencing of 16S rRNAand so forth. Although AJ13356 was deposited at the aforementioneddepository as Enterobacter agglomerans, for the purposes of thisspecification, it is described as Pantoea ananatis.

L-Phenylalanine-Producing Bacteria

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-phenylalanine-producingbacteria of the present invention include, but are not limited to,strains belonging to the genus Escherichia, such as E. coli AJ12739(tyrA::Tn10, tyrR) (VKPM B-8197); E. coli HW1089 (ATCC 55371) harboringthe mutant pheA34 gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,672); E. coli MWEC101-b(KR8903681); E. coli NRRL B-12141, NRRL B-12145, NRRL B-12146 and NRRLB-12147 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,407,952). Also, as a parent strain, E. coliK-12 [W3110 (tyrA)/pPHAB (FERM BP-3566), E. coli K-12 [W3110(tyrA)/pPHAD] (FERM BP-12659), E. coli K-12 [W3110 (tyrA)/pPHATerm](FERM BP-12662) and E. coli K-12 [W3110 (tyrA)/pBR-aroG4, pACMAB] namedas AJ 12604 (FERM BP-3579) may be used (EP 488-424 B1). Furthermore,L-phenylalanine producing bacteria belonging to the genus Escherichiawith an enhanced activity of the protein encoded by the yedA gene or theyddG gene may also be used (U.S. patent applications 2003/0148473 A1 and2003/0157667 A1).

L-Tryptophan-Producing Bacteria

Examples of parent strains for deriving the L-tryptophan-producingbacteria of the present invention include, but are not limited to,strains belonging to the genus Escherichia, such as E. coliJP4735/pMU3028 (DSM10122) and JP6015/pMU91 (DSM10123) which is deficientin the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase encoded by mutant trpS gene (U.S.Pat. No. 5,756,345); E. coli SV164 (pGH5) having a serA allele encodingphosphoglycerate dehydrogenase not subject to feedback inhibition byserine and a trpE allele encoding anthranilate synthase not subject tofeedback inhibition by tryptophan (U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,373); E. coliAGX17 (pGX44) (NRRL B-12263) and AGX6(pGX50)aroP (NRRL B-12264) which isdeficient in the enzyme tryptophanase (U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,614); E. coliAGX17/pGX50,pACKG4-pps in which a phosphoenolpyruvate-producing abilityis enhanced (WO9708333, U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,696), and the like may beused. L-tryptophan-producing bacteria belonging to the genus Escherichiawith an enhanced activity of the protein encoded by the yedA gene or theyddG gene may also be used (U.S. patent applications 2003/0148473 A1 and2003/0157667 A1).

Examples of parent strains for deriving the L-tryptophan-producingbacteria of the present invention also include strains in which one ormore activities are enhanced for the following enzymes: anthranilatesynthase, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, and tryptophan synthase. Theanthranilate synthase and phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase are bothsubject to feedback inhibition by L-tryptophan and L-serine, so amutation desensitizing this feedback inhibition may be introduced intothese enzymes. Specific examples of strains having such a mutationinclude E. coli SV164 which harbors desensitized anthranilate synthaseand E. coli SV164 which has been transformed with the plasmid pGH5 (WO94/08031), which contains a mutant serA gene encodingfeedback-desensitized phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase.

Examples of parent strains for deriving the L-tryptophan-producingbacteria of the present invention also include strains which have beentransformed with the tryptophan operon containing a gene encodingdesensitized anthranilate synthase (JP 57-71397 A, JP 62-244382 A, U.S.Pat. No. 4,371,614). Moreover, L-tryptophan-producing ability may beimparted by enhancing expression of a gene which encodes tryptophansynthase, among tryptophan operons (trpBA). The tryptophan synthaseconsists of α and β subunits which are encoded by the trpA and trpBgenes, respectively. In addition, L-tryptophan-producing ability may beimproved by enhancing expression of the isocitrate lyase-malate synthaseoperon (WO2005/103275).

L-Proline-Producing Bacteria

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-proline-producing bacteria ofthe present invention include, but are not limited to, strains belongingto the genus Escherichia, such as E. coli 702ilvA (VKPM B-8012) which isdeficient in the ilvA gene and is able to produce L-proline (EP1172433). The bacterium of the present invention may be improved byenhancing the expression of one or more genes involved in L-prolinebiosynthesis. Examples of such genes include the proB gene coding forglutamate kinase which is desensitized to feedback inhibition byL-proline (DE Patent 3127361). In addition, the bacterium of the presentinvention may be improved by enhancing the expression of one or moregenes coding for proteins responsible for excreting L-amino acids fromthe bacterial cell. Such genes include b2682 and b2683 (ygaZH genes)(EP1239041 A2).

Examples of bacteria belonging to the genus Escherichia, which are ableto produce L-proline include the following E. coli strains: NRRL B-12403and NRRL B-12404 (GB Patent 2075056), VKPM B-8012 (Russian patentapplication 2000124295), plasmid mutants described in DE Patent 3127361,plasmid mutants described by Bloom F. R. et al (The 15^(th) Miami wintersymposium, 1983, p. 34), and the like.

L-Arginine-Producing Bacteria

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-arginine-producing bacteria ofthe present invention include, but are not limited to, strains belongingto the genus Escherichia, such as E. coli strain 237 (VKPM B-7925) (U.S.Patent Application 2002/058315 A1) and its derivative strains harboringmutant N-acetylglutamate synthase (Russian Patent Application No.2001112869), E. coli strain 382 (VKPM B-7926) (EP1170358A1), anarginine-producing strain transformed with argA gene encodingN-acetylglutamate synthetase (EP1170361A1), and the like.

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-arginine producing bacteria ofthe present invention also include strains in which expression of one ormore genes encoding an L-arginine biosynthetic enzyme are enhanced.Examples of such genes include genes encoding N-acetylglutamyl phosphatereductase (argC), ornithine acetyl transferase (argJ), N-acetylglutamatekinase (argB), acetylornithine transaminase (argD), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (argF), argininosuccinic acid synthetase (argG),argininosuccinic acid lyase (argH), and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase(carAB).

L-Valine-Producing Bacteria

Example of parent strains for deriving L-valine-producing bacteria ofthe present invention include, but are not limited to, strains whichhave been modified to overexpress the ilvGMEDA operon (U.S. Pat. No.5,998,178). It is desirable to remove the region of the ilvGMEDA operonwhich is required for attenuation so that expression of the operon isnot attenuated by L-valine that is produced. Furthermore, the ilvA genein the operon is desirably disrupted so that threonine deaminaseactivity is decreased.

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-valine-producing bacteria ofthe present invention also include mutants having a mutation ofamino-acyl t-RNA synthetase (U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,766). For example, E.coli VL1970, which has a mutation in the ileS gene encoding isoleucinetRNA synthetase, can be used. E. coli VL1970 has been deposited in theRussian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM) (Russia,113545 Moscow, 1 Dorozhny Proezd, 1) on Jun. 24, 1988 under accessionnumber VKPM B-4411.

Furthermore, mutants requiring lipoic acid for growth and/or lackingH⁺-ATPase can also be used as parent strains (WO96/06926).

L-Isoleucine-Producing Bacteria

Examples of parent strains for deriving L-isoleucine producing bacteriaof the present invention include, but are not limited to, mutants havingresistance to 6-dimethylaminopurine (JP 5-304969 A), mutants havingresistance to an isoleucine analogue such as thiaisoleucine andisoleucine hydroxamate, and mutants additionally having resistance toDL-ethionine and/or arginine hydroxamate (JP 5-130882 A). In addition,recombinant strains transformed with genes encoding proteins involved inL-isoleucine biosynthesis, such as threonine deaminase andacetohydroxate synthase, can also be used as parent strains (JP 2-458 A,FR 0356739, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,178).

2. Method of the Present Invention

The method of the present invention is a method for producing an L-aminoacid by cultivating the bacterium of the present invention in a culturemedium to produce and excrete the L-amino acid into the medium, andcollecting the L-amino acid from the medium.

In the present invention, the cultivation, collection, and purificationof an L-amino acid from the medium and the like may be performed in amanner similar to conventional fermentation methods wherein an aminoacid is produced using a bacterium.

The medium used for culture may be either synthetic or natural, so longas it includes a carbon source, a nitrogen source, minerals and, ifnecessary, appropriate amounts of nutrients which the bacterium requiresfor growth. The carbon source may include various carbohydrates such asglucose and sucrose, and various organic acids. Depending on the mode ofassimilation of the chosen microorganism, alcohol, including ethanol andglycerol, may be used. As the nitrogen source, various ammonium saltssuch as ammonia and ammonium sulfate, other nitrogen compounds such asamines, a natural nitrogen source such as peptone, soybean-hydrolysate,and digested fermentative microorganism can be used. As minerals,potassium monophosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, ferroussulfate, manganese sulfate, calcium chloride, and the like can be used.As vitamins, thiamine, yeast extract, and the like, can be used.

The cultivation is preferably performed under aerobic conditions, suchas a shaking culture, and a stirring culture with aeration, at atemperature of 20 to 40° C., preferably 30 to 38° C. The pH of theculture is usually between 5 and 9, preferably between 6.5 and 7.2. ThepH of the culture can be adjusted with ammonia, calcium carbonate,various acids, various bases, and buffers. Usually, a 1 to 5-daycultivation leads to accumulation of the target L-amino acid in theliquid medium.

After cultivation, solids such as cells can be removed from the liquidmedium by centrifugation or membrane filtration, and then the L-aminoacid can be collected and purified by ion-exchange, concentration,and/or crystallization methods.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be more concretely explained below withreference to the following non-limiting Examples.

Example 1 Preparation of the PCR Template and Helper Plasmids

The PCR template plasmid pMW118-attL-Cm-attR and the helper plasmidpMW-intxis-ts were prepared as follows:

(1) pMW118-attL-Cm-attR

The pMW118-attL-Cm-attR plasmid was constructed on the basis ofpMW118-attL-Tc-attR that was obtained by ligation of the following fourDNA fragments:

-   -   1) the BglII-EcoRI fragment (114 bp) carrying attL (SEQ ID        NO: 3) which was obtained by PCR amplification of the        corresponding region of the E. coli W3350 (contained λ prophage)        chromosome using oligonucleotides P1 and P2 (SEQ ID NOS: 4        and 5) as primers (these primers contained the subsidiary        recognition sites for BglII and EcoRI endonucleases);    -   2) the PstI-HindIII fragment (182 bp) carrying attR (SEQ ID        NO: 6) which was obtained by PCR amplification of the        corresponding region of the E. coli W3350 (contained λ prophage)        chromosome using the oligonucleotides P3 and P4 (SEQ ID NOS: 7        and 8) as primers (these primers contained the subsidiary        recognition sites for PstI and HindIII endonucleases);    -   3) the large BglII-HindIII fragment (3916 bp) of pMW18-ter_rrnB.        The plasmid pMW118-ter_rrnB was obtained by ligation of the        following three DNA fragments:        -   the large DNA fragment (2359 bp) carrying the AatII-EcoRI            fragment of pMW118 that was obtained in the following way:            pMW118 was digested with EcoRI restriction endonuclease,            treated with Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, and then            digested with AatII restriction endonuclease;        -   the small AatII-BglII fragment (1194 bp) of pUC19 carrying            the bla gene for ampicillin resistance (Ap^(R)) was obtained            by PCR amplification of the corresponding region of the            pUC19 plasmid using oligonucleotides P5 and P6 (SEQ ID NOS:            9 and 10) as primers (these primers contained the subsidiary            recognition sites for AatII and BglII endonucleases);        -   the small BglII-PstI fragment (363 bp) of the transcription            terminator ter_rrnB was obtained by PCR amplification of the            corresponding region of the E. coli MG1655 chromosome using            oligonucleotides P7 and P8 (SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 12) as            primers (these primers contained the subsidiary recognition            sites for BglII and PstI endonucleases);    -   4) the small EcoRI-PstI fragment (1388 bp) (SEQ ID NO: 13) of        pML-Tc-ter_thrL bearing the tetracycline resistance gene and the        ter_thrL transcription terminator; the pML-Tc-ter_thrL plasmid        was obtained in two steps:        -   the pML-ter_thrL plasmid was obtained by digesting the            pML-MCS plasmid (Mashko, S. V. et al., Biotekhnologiya (in            Russian), 2001, no. 5, 3-20) with the XbaI and BamHI            restriction endonucleases, followed by ligation of the large            fragment (3342 bp) with the XbaI-BamHI fragment (68 bp)            carrying terminator ter_thrL obtained by PCR amplification            of the corresponding region of the E. coli MG1655 chromosome            using oligonucleotides P9 and P10 (SEQ ID NOS: 14 and 15) as            primers (these primers contained the subsidiary recognition            sites for the XbaI and BamHI endonucleases);        -   the pML-Tc-ter_thrL plasmid was obtained by digesting the            pML-ter_thrL plasmid with the KpnI and XbaI restriction            endonucleases followed by treatment with Klenow fragment of            DNA polymerase I and ligation with the small EcoRI-Van91I            fragment (1317 bp) of pBR322 bearing the tetracycline            resistance gene (pBR322 was digested with EcoRI and Van91I            restriction endonucleases and then treated with Klenow            fragment of DNA polymerase I);

The above strain E. coli W3350 is a derivative of wild-type strain E.coli K-12. The strain E. coli MG1655 (ATCC 700926) is a wild-type strainand can be obtained from American Type Culture Collection (P.O. Box 1549Manassas, Va. 20108, United States of America). The plasmids pMW118 andpUC19 are commercially available. The BglII-EcoRI fragment carrying attLand the BglII-PstI fragment of the transcription terminator ter_rrnB canbe obtained from the other strain of E. coli in the same manner asdescribe above.

The pMW118-attL-Cm-attR plasmid was constructed by ligation of the largeBamHI-XbaI fragment (4413 bp) of pMW118-attL-Tc-attR and the artificialDNA BglII-XbaI fragment (1162 bp) containing the P_(A2) promoter (theearly promoter of the phage T7), the cat gene for chloramphenicolresistance (Cm^(R)), the ter_thrL transcription terminator, and attR.The artificial DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 16) was obtained as follows:

-   -   1. The pML-MCS plasmid was digested with the KpnI and XbaI        restriction endonucleases and ligated with the small KpnI-XbaI        fragment (120 bp), which included the P_(A2) promoter (the early        promoter of phage T7) obtained by PCR amplification of the        corresponding DNA region of phage T7 using oligonucleotides P11        and P12 (SEQ ID NOS: 17 and 18, respectively) as primers (these        primers contained the subsidiary recognition sites for KpnI and        XbaI endonucleases). As a result, the pML-P_(A2)-MCS plasmid was        obtained. The complete nucleotide sequence of phage T7 has been        reported (J. Mol. Biol., 166: 477-535 (1983).    -   2. The XbaI site was deleted from pML-P_(A2)-MCS. As a result,        the pML-P_(A2)-MCS(XbaI⁻) plasmid was obtained.    -   3. The small BglII-HindIII fragment (928 bp) of        pML-P_(A2)-MCS(XbaI⁻) containing the P_(A2) promoter (the early        promoter of the phage T7) and the cat gene for chloramphenicol        resistance (Cm^(R)) was ligated with the small HindIII-HindIII        fragment (234 bp) of pMW118-attL-Tc-attR containing the ter_thrL        transcription terminator and attR.    -   4. The required artificial DNA fragment (1156 bp) was obtained        by PCR amplification of the ligation reaction mixture using        oligonucleotides P9 and P4 (SEQ ID NOS: 14 and 8) as primers        (these primers contained the subsidiary recognition sites for        HindIII and XbaI endonucleases).

(2) pMW-intxis-ts

Recombinant plasmid pMW-intxis-ts containing the cI repressor gene andthe int-xis genes of phage λ under the control of promoter P_(R) wasconstructed on the basis of vector pMWP_(lac)lacI-ts. To construct thepMWP_(lac)lacI-ts variant, the AatII-EcoRV fragment of thepMWP_(lac)lacI plasmid (Skorokhodova, A. Yu. et al., Biotekhnologiya (inRussian), 2004, no. 5, 3-21) was substituted with the AatII-EcoRVfragment of the pMAN997 plasmid (Tanaka, K. et al., J. Bacteriol., 2001,183(22): 6538-6542, WO99/03988) bearing the par and ori loci and therepA^(ts) gene (a temperature sensitive-replication origin) of thepSC101 replicon. The plasmid pMAN997 was constructed by exchanging theVspI-HindIII fragments of pMAN031 (J. Bacteriol., 162, 1196 (1985)) andpUC19.

Two DNA fragments were amplified using phage λ DNA (“Fermentas”) as atemplate. The first one contained the DNA sequence from 37168 to 38046,the cI repressor gene, promoters P_(RM) and P_(R), and the leadersequence of the cro gene. This fragment was PCR-amplified usingoligonucleotides P13 and P14 (SEQ ID NOS: 19 and 20) as primers. Thesecond DNA fragment containing the xis-int genes of phage λ and the DNAsequence from 27801 to 29100 was PCR-amplified using oligonucleotidesP15 and P16 (SEQ ID NOS: 21 and 22) as primers. All primers containedthe corresponding restriction sites.

The first PCR-amplified fragment carrying the cI repressor was digestedwith restriction endonuclease ClaI, treated with Klenow fragment of DNApolymerase I, and then digested with restriction endonuclease EcoRI. Thesecond PCR-amplified fragment was digested with restrictionendonucleases EcoRI and PstI. The pMWP_(lac)lacI-ts plasmid was digestedwith the BglII endonuclease, treated with Klenow fragment of DNApolymerase I, and digested with the PstI restriction endonuclease. Thevector fragment of pMWPlaclacI-ts was eluted from agarose gel andligated with the above-mentioned digested PCR-amplified fragments toobtain the pMW-intxis-ts recombinant plasmid.

Example 2 Construction of a Strain with an Inactivated cpxR Gene

1. Deletion of the cpxR Gene

A strain in which the cpxR gene was deleted was constructed by themethod initially developed by Datsenko, K. A. and Wanner, B. L. (Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97(12): 6640-6645) called “Red-drivenintegration”. The DNA fragment containing the Cm^(R) marker encoded bythe cat gene was obtained by PCR, using primers P17 (SEQ ID NO: 23) andP18 (SEQ ID NO: 24) and plasmid pMW118-attL-Cm-attR as a template (forconstruction see Example 1). Primer P17 contains both a regioncomplementary to the 36-nt region located at the 5′ end of the cpxR geneand a region complementary to the attL region. Primer P18 contains botha region complementary to the 35-nt region located at the 3′ end of thecpxR gene and a region complementary to the attR region. Conditions forPCR were as follows: denaturation step: 3 min at 95° C.; profile for twofirst cycles: 1 min at 95° C., 30 sec at 50° C., 40 sec at 72° C.;profile for the last 25 cycles: 30 sec at 95° C., 30 sec at 54° C., 40sec at 72° C.; final step: 5 min at 72° C.

A 1699-bp PCR product (FIG. 2) was obtained and purified in agarose geland was used for electroporation of E. coli MG1655 (ATCC 700926), whichcontains the pKD46 plasmid having a temperature-sensitive replicationorigin. The pKD46 plasmid (Datsenko, K. A. and Wanner, B. L., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97(12):6640-6645) includes a 2,154-bp DNAfragment of phage λ (nucleotide positions 31088 to 33241, GenBankaccession no. J02459), and contains genes of the λ Red homologousrecombination system (γ, β, exo genes) under the control of thearabinose-inducible P_(araB) promoter. The plasmid pKD46 is necessaryfor integration of the PCR product into the chromosome of strain MG1655.The strain MG1655 can be obtained from American Type Culture Collection.(P.O. Box 1549 Manassas, Va. 20108, U.S.A.).

Electrocompetent cells were prepared as follows: E. coli MG1655 wasgrown at 30° C. in LB medium containing ampicillin (100 mg/l), and theculture was diluted 100 times with 5 ml of SOB medium (Sambrook et al,“Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition”, Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press, 1989) with ampicillin and L-arabinose (1 mM).The cells were grown with aeration at 30° C. to an OD₆₀₀ of ≈0.6 andthen were made electrocompetent by concentrating 100-fold, and washingthree times with ice-cold deionized H₂O. Electroporation was performedusing 70 μl of cells and ≈100 ng of the PCR product. Cells afterelectroporation were incubated with 1 ml of SOC medium (Sambrook et al,“Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition”, Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press, 1989) at 37° C. for 2.5 hours and then wereplated onto L-agar containing chloramphenicol (30 μg/ml) and were grownat 37° C. to select Cm^(R) recombinants. Then, to eliminate the pKD46plasmid, two passages on L-agar with Cm at 42° C. were performed and theresulting colonies were tested for sensitivity to ampicillin.

2. Verification of the cpxR Gene Deletion by PCR

The mutants having the cpxR gene deleted and marked with the Cmresistance gene were verified by PCR. Locus-specific primers P19 (SEQ IDNO: 25) and P20 (SEQ ID NO: 26) were used in PCR for the verification.Conditions for PCR verification were as follows: denaturation step: 3min at 94° C.; profile for the 30 cycles: 30 sec at 94° C., 30 sec at54° C., 1 min at 72° C.; final step: 7 min at 72° C. The PCR productobtained in the reaction with the parental cpxR⁺ MG1655 strain as atemplate was 834 bp in length. The PCR product obtained in the reactionwith the mutant strain as the template was 1835 bp in length (FIG. 3).The mutant strain was named MG1655 ΔcpxR::cat.

Example 3 Production of L-Threonine by E. coli B-3996-ΔcpxR

To test the effect of inactivation of the cpxR gene on threonineproduction, DNA fragments from the chromosome of the above-described E.coli strain MG1655 ΔcpxR::cat were transferred to thethreonine-producing E. coli strain VKPM B-3996 by P1 transduction(Miller, J. H. Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring HarborLab. Press, 1972, Plainview, N.Y.) to obtain the strain B-3996-ΔcpxR.

Both E. coli strains, B-3996 and B-3996-ΔcpxR, were grown for 18-24hours at 37° C. on L-agar plates. To obtain a seed culture, the strainswere grown on a rotary shaker (250 rpm) at 32° C. for 18 hours in20×200-mm test tubes containing 2 ml of L-broth supplemented with 4%glucose. Then, the fermentation medium was inoculated with 0.21 ml (10%)of seed material. The fermentation was performed in 2 ml of minimalmedium for fermentation in 20×200-mm test tubes. Cells were grown for 65hours at 32° C. with shaking at 250 rpm.

After cultivation, the amount of L-threonine, which had accumulated inthe medium, was determined by paper chromatography using the followingmobile phase: butanol-acetic acid-water=4:1:1 (v/v). A solution ofninhydrin (2%) in acetone was used as a visualizing reagent. A spotcontaining L-threonine was cut out, L-threonine was eluted with 0.5%water solution of CdCl₂, and the amount of L-threonine was estimatedspectrophotometrically at 540 nm. The results of ten independent testtube fermentations are shown in Table 1.

The composition of the fermentation medium (g/l) was as follows:

Glucose 80.0 (NH₄)₂SO₄ 22.0 NaCl 0.8 KH₂PO₄ 2.0 MgSO₄•7H₂O 0.8FeSO₄•7H₂O 0.02 MnSO₄•5H₂O 0.02 Thiamine HCl 0.0002 Yeast extract 1.0CaCO₃ 30.0

Glucose and magnesium sulfate were sterilized separately. CaCO₃ wassterilized by dry-heat at 180° C. for 2 hours. The pH was adjusted to7.0. The antibiotic was introduced into the medium after sterilization.

TABLE 1 Strain OD₅₄₀ Amount of L-threonine, g/l B-3996 32.8 ± 0.9 21.1 ±0.3 B-3996-ΔcpxR 33.6 ± 1.1 21.8 ± 0.6

As follows from Table 1, B-3996-ΔcpxR caused accumulation of a higheramount of L-threonine, as compared with B-3996.

Example 4 Production of L-Lysine by E. coli WC196 (pCABD2)-ΔcpxR

To test the effect of inactivation of the cpxR gene on lysineproduction, DNA fragments from the chromosome of the above-described E.coli strain MG1655 ΔcpxR::cat can be transferred to the lysine-producingE. coli strain WC196 (pCABD2) by P1 transduction (Miller, J. H.Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, 1972,Plainview, N.Y.) to obtain WC196(pCABD2)-ΔcpxR. The pCABD2 plasmidincludes the dapA gene encoding dihydrodipicolinate synthase having amutation which desensitizes feedback inhibition by L-lysine, the lysCgene encoding aspartokinase III having a mutation which desensitizesfeedback inhibition by L-lysine, the dapB gene encodingdihydrodipicolinate reductase, and the ddh gene encoding diaminopimelatedehydrogenase (U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,160).

Both E. coli strains, WC196(pCABD2) and WC196(pCABD2)-ΔcpxR, can becultured in L-medium containing streptomycin (20 mg/l) at 37° C., and0.3 ml of the obtained culture can be inoculated into 20 ml of thefermentation medium containing the required drugs in a 500-ml flask. Thecultivation can be carried out at 37° C. for 16 hours by using areciprocal shaker at the agitation speed of 115 rpm. After thecultivation, the amounts of L-lysine and residual glucose in the mediumcan be measured by a known method (Biotech-analyzer AS210 manufacturedby Sakura Seiki Co.). Then, the yield of L-lysine can be calculatedrelative to consumed glucose for each of the strains.

The composition of the fermentation medium (g/l) is as follows:

Glucose 40 (NH₄)₂SO₄ 24 K₂HPO₄ 1.0 MgSO₄•7H₂O 1.0 FeSO₄•7H₂O 0.01MnSO₄•5H₂O 0.01 Yeast extract 2.0

The pH is adjusted to 7.0 by KOH and the medium is autoclaved at 115° C.for 10 min. Glucose and MgSO₄.7H₂O are sterilized separately. CaCO₃ isdry-heat sterilized at 180° C. for 2 hours and added to the medium for afinal concentration of 30 g/l.

Example 5 Production of L-Cysteine by E. coli JM15(ydeD)-ΔcpxR

To test the effect of inactivation of the cpxR gene on L-cysteineproduction, DNA fragments from the chromosome of the above-described E.coli strain MG1655 ΔcpxR::cat can be transferred to theL-cysteine-producing E. coli strain JM15(ydeD) by P1 transduction(Miller, J. H. Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring HarborLab. Press, 1972, Plainview, N.Y.) to obtain the strainJM15(ydeD)-ΔcpxR.

E. coli JM15(ydeD) is a derivative of E. coli JM15 (U.S. Pat No.6,218,168), which can be transformed with DNA having the ydeD geneencoding a membrane protein, and is not involved in a biosyntheticpathway of any L-amino acid (U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,663). The strain JM15(CGSC#5042) can be obtained from The Coli Genetic Stock Collection atthe E.coli Genetic Resource Center, MCD Biology Department, YaleUniversity.

Fermentation conditions for evaluation of L-cysteine production weredescribed in detail in Example 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,218,168.

Example 6 Production of L-Leucine by E. coli 57-ΔcpxR

To test the effect of inactivation of the cpxR gene on L-leucineproduction, DNA fragments from the chromosome of the above-described E.coli strain MG1655 ΔcpxR::cat can be transferred to theL-leucine-producing E. coli strain 57 (VKPM B-7386, U.S. Pat. No.6,124,121) by P1 transduction (Miller, J. H. Experiments in MolecularGenetics, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, 1972, Plainview, N.Y.) toobtain the strain 57-ΔcpxR. The strain 57 has been deposited in theRussian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM) (Russia,117545 Moscow, 1 Dorozhny proezd, 1) on May 19, 1997 under accessionnumber VKPM B-7386.

Both E. coli strains, 57 and 57-ΔcpxR, can be cultured for 18-24 hoursat 37° C. on L-agar plates. To obtain a seed culture, the strains can begrown on a rotary shaker (250 rpm) at 32° C. for 18 hours in 20×200-mmtest tubes containing 2 ml of L-broth supplemented with 4% sucrose.Then, the fermentation medium can be inoculated with 0.2 ml of seedmaterial (10%). The fermentation can be performed in 2 ml of a minimalfermentation medium in 20×200-mm test tubes. Cells can be grown for48-72 hours at 32° C. with shaking at 250 rpm. The amount of L-leucinecan be measured by paper chromatography (liquid phase composition:butanol-acetic acid-water=4:1:1).

The composition of the fermentation medium (g/l) (pH 7.2) is as follows:

Glucose 60.0 (NH₄)₂SO₄ 25.0 K₂HPO₄ 2.0 MgSO₄•7H₂O 1.0 Thiamine 0.01CaCO₃ 25.0

Glucose and CaCO₃ are sterilized separately.

Example 7 Production of L-Histidine by E. coli 80-ΔcpxR

To test the effect of inactivation of the cpxR gene on L-histidineproduction, DNA fragments from the chromosome of the above-described E.coli strain MG1655 ΔcpxR::cat can be transferred to thehistidine-producing E. coli strain 80 by P1 transduction (Miller, J. H.Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, 1972,Plainview, N.Y.) to obtain the strain 80-ΔcpxR. The strain 80 has beendescribed in Russian patent 2119536 and deposited in the RussianNational Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (Russia, 117545 Moscow,1 Dorozhny proezd, 1) on Oct. 15, 1999 under accession number VKPMB-7270 and then converted to a deposit under the Budapest Treaty on Jul.12, 2004.

Both E. coli strains, 80 and 80-ΔcpxR, can be cultured in L-broth for 6hours at 29° C. Then, 0.1 ml of obtained cultures can each be inoculatedinto 2 ml of fermentation medium in a 20×200-mm test tube and cultivatedfor 65 hours at 29° C. with shaking on a rotary shaker (350 rpm). Aftercultivation, the amount of histidine which accumulates in the medium canbe determined by paper chromatography. The paper can be developed with amobile phase consisting of n-butanol:acetic acid:water=4:1:1 (v/v). Asolution of ninhydrin (0.5%) in acetone can be used as a visualizingreagent.

The composition of the fermentation medium (g/l) (pH 6.0) is as follows:

Glucose 100.0 Mameno (soybean hydrolysate) 0.2 as total nitrogenL-proline 1.0 (NH₄)₂SO₄ 25.0 KH₂PO₄ 2.0 MgSO₄•7H₂0 1.0 FeSO₄•7H₂0 0.01MnSO₄ 0.01 Thiamine 0.001 Betaine 2.0 CaCO₃ 60.0

Glucose, proline, betaine and CaCO₃ are sterilized separately. The pH isadjusted to 6.0 before sterilization.

Example 8 Production of L-Glutamate by E. coli VL334thrC⁺-ΔcpxR

To test the effect of inactivation of the cpxR gene on L-glutamateproduction, DNA fragments from the chromosome of the above-described E.coli strain MG1655 ΔcpxR::cat can be transferred to theL-glutamate-producing E. coli strain VL334thrC⁺ (EP 1172433) by P1transduction (Miller, J. H. Experiments in Molecular Genetics, ColdSpring Harbor Lab. Press, 1972, Plainview, N.Y.) to obtain the strainVL334thrC⁺-ΔcpxR. The strain VL334thrC⁺ has been deposited in theRussian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM) (Russia,117545 Moscow, 1 Dorozhny proezd, 1) on Dec. 6, 2004 under the accessionnumber VKPM B-8961 and then converted to a deposit under the BudapestTreaty on Dec. 8, 2004.

Both E. coli strains, VL334thrC⁺ and VL334thrC⁺-ΔcpxR, can be grown for18-24 hours at 37° C. on L-agar plates. Then, one loop of the cells canbe transferred into test tubes containing 2 ml of fermentation medium.The fermentation medium contains glucose (60 g/l), ammonium sulfate (25g/l), KH₂PO₄ (2 g/l), MgSO₄ (1 g/l), thiamine (0.1 mg/ml), L-isoleucine(70 μg/ml), and CaCO₃ (25 g/l). The pH is adjusted to 7.2. Glucose andCaCO₃ are sterilized separately. Cultivation can be carried out at 30°C. for 3 days with shaking. After the cultivation, the amount ofL-glutamic acid produced can be determined by paper chromatography(liquid phase composition of butanol-acetic acid-water=4:1:1) withsubsequent staining by ninhydrin (1% solution in acetone) and furtherelution of the compounds in 50% ethanol with 0.5% CdCl₂.

Example 9 Production of L-Phenylalanine by E. coli AJ12739-ΔcpxR

To test the effect of inactivation of the cpxR gene on L-phenylalanineproduction, DNA fragments from the chromosome of the above-described E.coli strain MG1655 ΔcpxR::cat can be transferred to thephenylalanine-producing E. coli strain AJ12739 by P1 transduction(Miller, J. H. Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring HarborLab. Press, 1972, Plainview, N.Y.) to obtain the strain AJ12739-ΔcpxR.The strain AJ12739 has been deposited in the Russian National Collectionof Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM) (Russia, 117545 Moscow, 1 Dorozhnyproezd, 1) on Nov. 6, 2001 under accession number VKPM B-8197 and thenconverted to a deposit under the Budapest Treaty on Aug. 23, 2002.

Both E. coli strains, AJ12739-ΔcpxR and AJ12739, can be cultivated at37° C. for 18 hours in a nutrient broth, and 0.3 ml of the obtainedcultures can each be inoculated into 3 ml of a fermentation medium in a20×200-mm test tube and cultivated at 37° C. for 48 hours with shakingon a rotary shaker. After cultivation, the amount of phenylalanine whichaccumulates in the medium can be determined by TLC. The 10×15-cm TLCplates coated with 0.11-mm layers of Sorbfil silica gel containing nofluorescent indicator (Stock Company Sorbpolymer, Krasnodar, Russia) canbe used. The Sorbfil plates can be developed with a mobile phaseconsisting of propan-2-ol:ethylacetate:25% aqueousammonia:water=40:40:7:16 (v/v). A solution of ninhydrin (2%) in acetonecan be used as a visualizing reagent.

The composition of the fermentation medium (g/l) is as follows:

Glucose 40.0 (NH₄)₂SO₄ 16.0 K₂HPO₄ 0.1 MgSO₄•7H₂O 1.0 FeSO₄•7H₂O 0.01MnSO₄•5H₂O 0.01 Thiamine HCl 0.0002 Yeast extract 2.0 Tyrosine 0.125CaCO₃ 20.0

Glucose and magnesium sulfate are sterilized separately. CaCO₃ isdry-heat sterilized at 180° C. for 2 hours. The pH is adjusted to 7.0.

Example 10 Production of L-Tryptophan by E. coli SV164 (pGH5)-ΔcpxR

To test the effect of inactivation of the cpxR gene on L-tryptophanproduction, DNA fragments from the chromosome of the above-described E.coli strain MG1655 ΔcpxR::cat can be transferred to thetryptophan-producing E. coli strain SV164 (pGH5) by P1 transduction(Miller, J. H. Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring HarborLab. Press, 1972, Plainview, N.Y.) to obtain the strainSV164(pGH5)-ΔcpxR. The strain SV164 has the trpE allele encodinganthranilate synthase not subject to feedback inhibition by tryptophan.The plasmid pGH5 harbors a mutant serA gene encoding phosphoglyceratedehydrogenase not subject to feedback inhibition by serine. The strainSV164 (pGH5) is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,373.

Both E. coli strains, SV164(pGH5)-ΔcpxR and SV164(pGH5), can becultivated with shaking at 37° C. for 18 hours in 3 ml of nutrient brothsupplemented with tetracycline (20 mg/l, marker of pGH5 plasmid). Theobtained cultures (0.3 ml each) can each be inoculated into 3 ml of afermentation medium containing tetracycline (20 mg/l) in 20×200-mm testtubes, and cultivated at 37° C. for 48 hours with a rotary shaker at 250rpm. After cultivation, the amount of tryptophan which accumulates inthe medium can be determined by TLC as described in Example 8. Thefermentation medium components are listed in Table 2, and are sterilizedin separate groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, and H), as shown, to avoid adverseinteractions during sterilization.

TABLE 2 Solutions Component Final concentration, g/l A KH₂PO₄ 1.5 NaCl0.5 (NH₄)₂SO₄ 1.5 L-Methionine 0.05 L-Phenylalanine 0.1 L-Tyrosine 0.1Mameno (total N) 0.07 B Glucose 40.0 MgSO₄•7H₂O 0.3 C CaCl₂ 0.011 DFeSO₄•7H₂O 0.075 Sodium citrate 1.0 E Na₂MoO₄•2H₂O 0.00015 H₃BO₃ 0.0025CoCl₂•6H₂O 0.00007 CuSO₄•5H₂O 0.00025 MnCl₂•4H₂O 0.0016 ZnSO₄•7 H₂O0.0003 F Thiamine HCl 0.005 G CaCO₃ 30.0 H Pyridoxine 0.03 Group A haspH 7.1 adjusted by NH₄OH. Each of groups A, B, C, D, E, F and H issterilized separately, chilled, and mixed together, and then CaCO₃sterilized by dry heat is added to the complete fermentation medium.

Example 11 Production of L-Proline by E. coli 702ilvA-ΔcpxR

To test the effect of inactivation of the cpxR gene on L-prolineproduction, DNA fragments from the chromosome of the above-described E.coli strain MG1655 ΔcpxR::cat can be transferred to theproline-producing E. coli strain 702ilvA by P1 transduction (Miller, J.H. Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press,1972, Plainview, N.Y.) to obtain the strain 702ilvA-ΔcpxR. The strain702ilvA has been deposited in the Russian National Collection ofIndustrial Microorganisms (VKPM) (Russia, 117545 Moscow, 1 Dorozhnyproezd, 1) on Jul. 18, 2000 under accession number VKPM B-8012 and thenconverted to a deposit under the Budapest Treaty on May 18, 2001.

Both E. coli strains, 702ilvA and 702ilvA-ΔcpxR, can be grown for 18-24hours at 37° C. on L-agar plates. Then, these strains can be cultivatedunder the same conditions as in Example 8.

Example 12 Production of L-Arginine by E. coli 382-ΔcpxR

To test the effect of inactivation of the cpxR gene on L-arginineproduction, DNA fragments from the chromosome of the above-described E.coli strain MG1655 ΔcpxR::cat were transferred to the arginine-producingE. coli strain 382 by P1 transduction (Miller, J. H. Experiments inMolecular Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, 1972, Plainview,N.Y.) to obtain the strain 382-ΔcpxR. The strain 382 has been depositedin the Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM)(Russia, 117545 Moscow, 1 Dorozhny proezd, 1) on Apr. 10, 2000 underaccession number VKPM B-7926 and then converted to a deposit under theBudapest Treaty on May 18, 2001.

Both E. coli strains, 382-ΔcpxR and 382, were cultivated with shaking at37° C. for 18 hours in 3 ml of nutrient broth. The obtained cultures(0.3 ml each) were each inoculated into 3 ml of a fermentation medium in20×200-mm test tubes and cultivated at 32° C. for 48 hours on a rotaryshaker.

After the cultivation, the amount of L-arginine accumulated in themedium was determined by paper chromatography using the following mobilephase: butanol:acetic acid:water=4:1:1 (v/v). A solution of ninhydrin(2%) in acetone was used as a visualizing reagent. A spot containingL-arginine was cut out, L-arginine was eluted with 0.5% water solutionof CdCl₂, and the amount of L-arginine was estimatedspectrophotometrically at 540 nm. The results of ten independent testtube fermentations are shown in Table 3.

The composition of the fermentation medium (g/l) was as follows:

Glucose 48.0 (NH₄)₂SO₄ 35.0 KH₂PO₄ 2.0 MgSO₄•7H₂O 1.0 Thiamine HCl0.0002 Yeast extract 1.0 L-isoleucine 0.1 CaCO₃ 5.0

Glucose and magnesium sulfate were sterilized separately. CaCO₃ wasdry-heat sterilized at 180° C. for 2 hours. The pH was adjusted to 7.0.

TABLE 3 Strain OD₅₄₀ Amount of L-arginine, g/l 382 13.5 ± 1.4 11.3 ± 0.4382-ΔcpxR 16.6 ± 0.4 13.0 ± 1.1

As follows from Table 3, strain 382-ΔcpxR caused accumulation of ahigher amount of L-arginine, as compared with strain 382.

Example 13 Elimination of Cm Resistance Gene (cat Gene) from theChromosome of L-Amino Acid-Producing E. coli Strains

The Cm resistance gene (cat gene) can be eliminated from the chromosomeof the L-amino acid-producing strain using the int-xis system. For thatpurpose, an L-amino acid-producing strain having DNA fragments from thechromosome of the above-described E. coli strain MG1655 ΔcpxR::cattransferred by P1 transduction (see Examples 3-12), can be transformedwith plasmid pMWts-Int/Xis. Transformant clones can be selected on theLB-medium containing 100 μg/ml of ampicillin. Plates can be incubatedovernight at 30° C. Transformant clones can be cured from the cat geneby spreading the separate colonies at 37° C. (at that temperaturerepressor CIts is partially inactivated and transcription of the int/xisgenes is derepressed) followed by selection of Cm^(S)Ap^(R) variants.Elimination of the cat gene from the chromosome of the strain can beverified by PCR. Locus-specific primers P21 (SEQ ID NO: 27) and P22 (SEQID NO: 28) can be used in PCR for the verification. Conditions for PCRverification can be as described above. The PCR product obtained inreaction with cells having the eliminated cat gene as a template, shouldbe 0.2 kbp in length. Thus, the L-amino acid-producing strain with theinactivated cpxR gene and eliminated cat gene can be obtained.

While the invention has been described in detail with reference topreferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in theart that various changes can be made, and equivalents employed, withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention. All the cited referencesherein are incorporated as a part of this application by reference.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

According to the present invention, production of L-amino acid of abacterium of the Enterobacteriaceae family can be enhanced.

1. A method for producing an L-amino acid comprising: cultivating anL-amino acid-producing bacterium of the Enterobacteriaceae family in amedium to produce and excrete said L-amino acid into the medium, andcollecting said L-amino acid from the medium, wherein said bacterium hasbeen modified to attenuate expression of the cpxR gene by inactivationof the cpxR gene on the chromosome of the bacterium, thereby producing ahigher amount of said L-amino acid as compared with an unmodifiedstrain.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said L-amino acid isselected from the group consisting of an aromatic L-amino acid and anon-aromatic L-amino acid.
 3. The method according to claim 2, whereinsaid aromatic L-amino acid is selected from the group consisting ofL-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-tryptophan.
 4. The method accordingto claim 2, wherein said non-aromatic L-amino acid is selected from thegroup consisting of L-threonine, L-lysine, L-cysteine, L-methionine,L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-histidine, glycine, L-serine,L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid,L-proline, and L-arginine.
 5. The method according to claim 1, whereinsaid inactivation is due to a deletion of a part of the cpxR gene, ashifting of the reading frame of the cpxR gene, an introduction of oneor more missense or nonsense mutation(s), or a modification of theadjacent region of the cpxR gene.
 6. The method according to claim 1,wherein said cpxR gene encodes a protein having at least 95% homology tothe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 7. The method according toclaim 1, wherein said bacterium belong to genus Escherichia.
 8. Themethod according to claim 1, wherein said bacterium is Escherichia coli.